Apush exam frq - Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected].

 
Directions: Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant .... Blessing of taebaek

2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® United States History 2022 Scoring Commentary. Short Answer Question 3 (continued) Sample Identifier: 3C. Score: 1. The response to part (a) earned 1 point by describing the Aztec people’s use of irrigation systems to aid the development of their society.Exam simulation mode. Prep for the AP exam with questions that mimic the test! Play exam simulation. AP Cram Sessions 2021. ... 🌶️ APUSH Cram Review FRQ Tips and Tricks. streamed by Caleb Lagerwey. AP US History Cram FRQ Tips and Tricks Part 2. slides by Caleb Lagerwey. 🌶️ AP US History Finale May 5, 2021.May 4, 2021 ... NIGHT BEFORE ap us history tips || dbq, leq, saq and mcq review! SORRY I FORGOT TO PUT TIMESTAMPS!! 1:09-7:41: dbq review 7:41-9:38: leq ...Question 1. The rate of natural increase (RNI), also known as the natural increase rate, helps geographers assess annual population growth or decline. Define the concept of RNI. Describe how a country may have a negative RNI. Compare ONE difference between RNI and the total fertility rate as indicators of population change.Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. AP Exams are regularly updated to align with best practices in college-level learning. Not all free-response questions on this page reflect the current exam, but the question ...Section II: Free Response. 3 Questions | 2 hours 15 minutes (includes a 15-minute reading period | 55% of Exam Score. Students write essays that respond to 3 free-response prompts from the following categories: Synthesis Question: After reading 6–7 texts about a topic (including visual and quantitative sources), students will compose an ...Taking the CFP exam is a prerequisite for becoming a certified financial planner and it's important to know what's required in order to pass. Calculators Helpful Guides Compare Rat...Excel is a powerful tool that can help you get ahead in your studies. Whether you’re preparing for an upcoming exam or just want to brush up on your skills, these Excel quiz questi...AP® Chemistry 2023 Free-Response Questions. Continue your response to QUESTION 3 on this page. (c) Based on the reaction conditions and the collisions that occur between particles, explain the reason for the difference in the reaction times for trial 2 and trial 3. (d) The student claims that the reaction is zero order with respect to HCl( aq). There is one full-length, official AP US History practice tests available for download: 2017 Practice Exam. Though the practice test comes with answer keys for the multiple-choice part, you'll have to use the official scoring guidelines to score your own free-response answers. You could also ask your AP US History teacher if they'd be willing ... AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. collegeboard.org. apcentral.collegeboard.org. AP® U.S. History 2021 Scoring Guidelines ... Given the timed nature of the exam, responses may contain errors that do not detract from their overall quality, as long as the historical content used to advance the ... You have 1 hour and 40 minutes to answer all four of the following questions. It is suggested that you spend approximately 20 minutes each on Questions 1, 2, and 3 and 40 minutes on Question 4. Unless directions indicate otherwise, respond to all parts of all four questions. In your response, use substantive examples where appropriate. US History Quiz. Alan Brinkley Chapter Quizzes. American History. APUSH Course Review. APUSH Review Flashcards. | | | | |. Access all of the best AP US History …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...8 Questions. Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each.You'll explore the events that led to the American Revolution and the formation of the United States and examine the early years of the republic. Topics may include: The Seven Years’ War. The American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation. The creation and ratification of the Constitution. Developing an American identity.Compiled 2022 AP Test Released FRQ Questions. Hello! I was a bit bored and decided to compile together the released 2022 AP FRQ prompts for each AP Exam! Please note that only one set of FRQs were released for each test unless otherwise noted. Monday, May 2, 2022. Japanese Language and Culture : Listening: https://apcentral.collegeboard.org ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] from Khan Academy here with a quick guide to the 2020 AP U.S. History exam. I'm gonna go over the details about the new exam format and how the scoring system has changed. Okay, here's what you need to know. First, the exam is taking place on Friday, May 15th, 2020. The time depends on where you live. These sample exam questions were originally included in the AP U.S. History Curriculum Framework, published in fall 2012. The AP U.S. History Course and Exam Description, which is out now, includes that curriculum framework, along with a new, unique set of exam questions. Because we want teachers to have access to all available questions that ... May 2, 2018 ... Ok, every year I discuss possible subject matters for the various writing prompts. I sometimes get at least ONE thing right.2023 AP Free Response Solutions. Updated: Dec 15, 2023. Here's my own PDF solutions for the released 2023 AP exams for AP Calculus, Statistics, and Physics. If you're looking for help in AP Physics 1, check out a new course I've put together here AP Statistics. PDF Solution.The lowest performance within this year’s AP U.S. History Exam was among the students who chose Short Answer Question #3 about American Indian relations with the United States from 1776–1815 and 1815–1848. 3% of students who chose this question earned perfect scores on it and 29% received 0 points. Document-Based Question …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Looking for free-response questions and scoring information from the 2015 exam and later? Visit The AP U.S. History Exam . See also: AP U.S. History Document-Based Questions, 1973-1999 (.pdf/32.2MB)Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Directions: Answer Question 1 and Question 2. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. Write your responses in the Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Response booklet. You must write your response to each question on the lined page designated for that response. Each response is expected to fit within the space provided. AP ® United States History 2023 Free-Response Questions “[The Standard Oil Trust] is the most perfectly developed trust in existence. . . . The perfection of the organization of [it], the ability and daring with which it has carried out its projects, make it the preeminent trust of the world. . . . High temperature is required for the reactant particles to have sufficient thermal energy to overcome the activation energy of the reaction. 1 point. (g) For the correct peak height and location: The peak should be drawn to the right of the other peaks, and it should reach the second line above the horizontal axis.AP ® United States History 2023 Free-Response Questions “[The Standard Oil Trust] is the most perfectly developed trust in existence. . . . The perfection of the organization of [it], the ability and daring with which it has carried out its projects, make it the preeminent trust of the world. . . .🇺🇸 AP US History 📌 Exam Date: ... Score Higher on AP US History 2024: Tips for Short Answer Questions. 5 min read. Score Higher on AP US History 2024: Tips for DBQs. 12 min read. Score Higher on AP US History 2024: Tips for LEQs. 11 min read. Unit 8 LEQ (The Civil Rights Movement) Answers.Rubrics Updated for 2023-24. We’ve updated the AP World History: Modern document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain ... Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. May 9, 2024 · There are 3 free-response questions.: Question 1: Design an investigation presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied by either a model/visual representation or quantitative data. Question 2: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied ... In addition to a small handful of US private colleges, now a major state university will now accept China's gaokao scores in its admissions process. In recent years a small handful...Join Tom Richey for a live breakdown of the 2022 APUSH FRQs.Check out our article on the 2022 APUSH FRQs here: https://marcolearning.com/the-2022-apush-free-...The multiple-choice sections of AP Exams are scored by computer. The free-response sections and through-course performance assessments, as applicable, are scored by AP teachers and college faculty who have experience teaching corresponding college courses. Most are scored at the annual AP Reading, while a small portion are scored online.2024 AP Exam Dates. The 2024 AP Exams will be administered in schools over two weeks in May: May 6–10 and May 13–17. AP coordinators are responsible for notifying students when and where to report for the exams. Early testing or testing at times other than those published by College Board is not permitted under any circumstances.AP® Chemistry 2023 Free-Response Questions. Continue your response to QUESTION 3 on this page. (c) Based on the reaction conditions and the collisions that occur between particles, explain the reason for the difference in the reaction times for trial 2 and trial 3. (d) The student claims that the reaction is zero order with respect to HCl( aq).2024 AP Exam Dates. The 2024 AP Exams will be administered in schools over two weeks in May: May 6–10 and May 13–17. AP coordinators are responsible for notifying students when and where to report for the exams. Early testing or testing at times other than those published by College Board is not permitted under any circumstances. The historical situation for Document 6 is presented with the discussion of the Second Great Awakening. In the third paragraph the historical situation for. Question 1—Document-Based Question (continued) Document 2 is presented with the political division over the question of war with Great Britain in 1812. Mar 23, 2024 ... 52 Days 'til the APUSH exam. Time for some DBQ practice! No views · 2 minutes ago ...more. apushladyboss. 1.03K.May 13, 2024 · The second section contains four free-response questions. Section I: Multiple Choice 40 Questions | 2 Hours | 62.5% of Exam Score. Part A: 28 questions; 80 minutes; 43.75% of exam score (calculator not permitted) Part B: 12 questions; 40 minutes; 18.75% of exam score (graphing calculator required) Section II: Free Response AP United States History 2022 Free-Response Questions Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP United States History Exam Keywords: United States History; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice Created Date: 8/2/2021 1:01:26 PM Rubrics Updated for 2023-24. We’ve updated the AP World History: Modern document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain ... AP Calculus AB 2022 Free-Response QuestionsDownload free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...The AP U.S. Government and Politics Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 55 Questions | 1 Hour 20 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Individual questions (no stimulus): ~30; Set-based questionsThe AP® U.S. History exam consists of two major sections: multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and free-response questions (FRQs). In this guide, we will focus on the FRQ section of the exam. We will start by examining the format of the AP U.S. History exam’s writing section, followed by strategies for scoring well on the FRQs.The AP Statistics Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 40 Questions | 1 Hour 30 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Individual questions or sets of questions based on a shared prompt. Section II: Free ResponseIt’s the perfect way to study for concepts, events, phrases, central figures, ideas, and more that commonly show up on the exam and the AP® US History document-based questions. Let’s get started. APUSH is divided into nine different units: Period 1: 1491–1607 (4-6% Exam Weighting) Period 2: 1607–1754 (4-6% Exam Weighting)High temperature is required for the reactant particles to have sufficient thermal energy to overcome the activation energy of the reaction. 1 point. (g) For the correct peak height and location: The peak should be drawn to the right of the other peaks, and it should reach the second line above the horizontal axis. The AP® U.S. History exam consists of two major sections: multiple-choice questions (MCQs) and free-response questions (FRQs). In this guide, we will focus on the FRQ section of the exam. We will start by examining the format of the AP U.S. History exam’s writing section, followed by strategies for scoring well on the FRQs. It doesn’t matter how well you know or enjoy the material you’re learning in school; you’ve got to know how to pass the exams if you want to get to the next grade level. It’s a ski...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. Expand All.The AP U.S. History Overview. Exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and includes both a 95-minute multiple-choice and short-answer section (Section I) and a 100-minute free-response section (Section II). Each section is divided into …8 Questions. Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each.2019 AP® COMPUTER SCIENCE A FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS (a) Write the static method numberOfLeapYears, which returns the number of leap years between year1 and year2, inclusive. In order to calculate this value, a helper method is provided for you. • isLeapYear(year) returns true if year is a leap year and false otherwise. Complete methodAP US History DBQ & FRQ. ... Another great guide for the APUSH essay and document-based question. Plenty of visuals to illustrate the concepts, so if you are a visual learner, this one is for you! Writing Guide. One more writing guide that includes all three question types. An 18 page PDF that provides a complete review.May 13, 2024 · The second section contains four free-response questions. Section I: Multiple Choice 40 Questions | 2 Hours | 62.5% of Exam Score. Part A: 28 questions; 80 minutes; 43.75% of exam score (calculator not permitted) Part B: 12 questions; 40 minutes; 18.75% of exam score (graphing calculator required) Section II: Free Response This is the official community for Genshin Impact (原神), the latest open-world action RPG from HoYoverse. The game features a massive, gorgeous map, an elaborate elemental combat system, engaging storyline & characters, co-op game mode, soothing soundtrack, and much more for you to explore! MembersOnline. r/PlantsVSZombies.AP Biology FRQ: This exam’s FRQs test students’ knowledge about biology topics such as cell structure and genetics. An example FRQ might ask students to describe the role that DNA plays in protein synthesis within cells. AP Chemistry FRQ: This exam covers topics like atomic structure and chemical reactions. The College Board requires your AP teacher to cover certain topics in the AP U.S. History course. As you complete your APUSH review, make sure you are familiar with the following topics: Period 1 (1491–1607) : Native American Societies Before European Contact; European Exploration in the Americas; Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and ... These sample exam questions were originally included in the AP U.S. History Curriculum Framework, published in fall 2012. The AP U.S. History Course and Exam Description, which is out now, includes that curriculum framework, along with a new, unique set of exam questions. Because we want teachers to have access to all available questions that ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Human Geography ...Visit the College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. 2019 AP. US HISTORY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS. 1. Evaluate the extent to which the Progressive movement fostered political change in the United States from 1890 to 1920. Document 1. Source: Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House.Jan 13, 2021 ... How to WRITE a THESIS for a DBQ & LEQ [AP World, APUSH, AP Euro] ... AP EXAM Prep for 2024. Heimler's History · Playlist · 10:09. Go to channel ...Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ... During the period from 1939 to 1945, the domestic United States experienced major change due to the impacts of wartime mobilisation, changes in racial discrimination, and the impact of technologies invented during the war. Firstly, the United States experienced significant change as a result of wartime mobilisation. The historical situation for Document 6 is presented with the discussion of the Second Great Awakening. In the third paragraph the historical situation for. Question 1—Document-Based Question (continued) Document 2 is presented with the political division over the question of war with Great Britain in 1812. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...In today’s competitive world, preparing for exams has become an integral part of every student’s life. With the advancement of technology, online learning platforms have gained imm...Are you interested in pursuing a career with the United States Postal Service (USPS)? If so, you may be required to take the postal exam as part of the application process. The goo...Apr 8, 2021 ... Resources from Heimler's History: HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDES (formerly known as Ultimate Review Packet): +AP US History: https://bit.ly/44p4pRL ...25.6%. 50.9%. Over the last few years, the percentage of students who achieved a passing score has remained mostly stable, with about 50% of students passing the exam with a score of 3 or higher. For 2023, the mean score on the AP® US History exam was 2.54, which was based on 467,975 total test takers.AP Score Scale Table. This table shows the recommendation that each AP score offers about how qualified you are to receive college credit and placement if you earn that score. It also shows the equivalent college course grade for each score. Learn more about the value of an AP Exam score of 1 or 2. This table shows the recommendation that each ...Though costlier than traditional policies, no-exam life insurance policy might make sense for people with pre-existing medical conditions or dangerous occupa... Get top content in ... Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ... If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Human Geography ...Download free-response questions from past AP United States History exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses, and scoring distributions.4. Answer (a ), (b ), and (c ). Briefly explain why ONE of the following best marks the beginning of industrialization in the United States. ) The market revolution in the first half …Here are the six best New York real estate exam prep providers that will prepare and help you pass your NY real estate license exam. Real Estate | Buyer's Guide Download our exam p...In today’s competitive world, preparing for exams has become an integral part of every student’s life. With the advancement of technology, online learning platforms have gained imm...

AP U.S. History is an introductory college-level U.S. history course. Students cultivate their understanding of U.S. history from c. 1491 CE to the present through analyzing historical sources and learning to make connections and craft historical arguments as they explore concepts like American and national identity; work, exchange, and .... Inflation roleplay

apush exam frq

The AP Art History Exam has consistent question types, weighting, and scoring guidelines every year, so you and your students know what to expect on exam day. Section I: Multiple Choice. 80 Questions | 1 Hour | 50% of Exam Score. Questions on the exam will appear both as: sets of 2–3 questions, with each set based on color images of … Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ... Rubrics Updated for 2023-24. We’ve updated the AP World History: Modern document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain ...AP Seminar 2022 Free-Response Questions Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP Seminar Exam Keywords: Seminar; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice Created Date: 10/5/2021 12:18:16 PMYou'll explore the events that led to the American Revolution and the formation of the United States and examine the early years of the republic. Topics may include: The Seven Years’ War. The American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation. The creation and ratification of the Constitution. Developing an American identity.Need more practice before taking your real estate exam? Check out our list of the six best real estate exam prep courses to help you pass. Real Estate | Buyer's Guide REVIEWED BY: ...If you are looking to become a licensed contractor in California, there are certain steps you must take in order to obtain your state contractor license. One of those steps is pass... Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] today’s competitive world, preparing for exams has become an integral part of every student’s life. With the advancement of technology, online learning platforms have gained imm...6 points. General Scoring Notes. Except where otherwise noted, each point of these rubrics is earned independently; for example, a student could earn a point for evidence without earning a point for thesis/claim. Accuracy: The components of these rubrics require that students demonstrate historically defensible content knowledge.May 2, 2018 ... Ok, every year I discuss possible subject matters for the various writing prompts. I sometimes get at least ONE thing right.Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value.Here are the six best New York real estate exam prep providers that will prepare and help you pass your NY real estate license exam. Real Estate | Buyer's Guide Download our exam p...What Students Should Bring to the Exam Room. 2 sharpened No. 2 pencils (with erasers) for completing multiple-choice answer sheets. 2 pens, with black or dark blue ink only, for completing areas on the exam booklet covers and for free-response questions in most exams. A watch (in case the exam room doesn’t have a clock that can be easily seen).AP free-response booklet pages are available for AP Exams only if the free-response content is released on the College Board website two days after the regularly scheduled AP Exam administration. PDF. 108.11 KB. Provide your credit card information on the form. The fee for this service is $10 per exam.Apr 19, 2022 ... ... resources to help you learn in any environment, get exam practice, and find colleges that grant credit for AP: #AP #APDaily #APUSHistory..

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